Is College Tuition A High School - 876 Words

Perhaps, the most frustrating thing about being a high school senior is assembling the future. While a great proportion of high school seniors opt for a four year-university, many modify their original arrangements and attended a community college. Moreover, community college tuition is significantly less than a four-year university and students still receive a top quality education, but at lower cost. Even though a vast number of students intend to transfer their credits to a four-year university, an extensive amount of students drop out. Students drop out because they are overwhelmed with remedial courses and they are unengaged in the classroom. When they drop out they limit their earning potential and accumulate debt. Despite their best efforts to achieve a higher education some college students find themselves less motivated. According to a 2010 report by The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, about 60% of all students entering college find themselves in need of developmental classes, whether they are in mathematics, Reading, or English. While most students accept college and the coursework with a deep sense of responsibility, students who find themselves academically unprepared have to take remedial courses, which are added burdens for them. â€Å"Thirty percent of college and university students drop out after their first year† (Bowler). Colleges have their own scoring system to determine, whether a student has to enroll in remedial courses or not.Show MoreRelatedA Modern Day Setback That Affects The Majority Of Americans1623 Words   |  7 Pagestoday is tuition and at the current rate of inflation, it will affect the upcoming generation. Imagine yourself as an 18-year-old high school student thinking about your future and college. In this situation, you are the student who gets excellent grades and works hard but isn’t financially stable. You, like lots of others, have dreamed of pursuing your education at the school s you have been accepted to but, you have come to the conclusion that it’s not possible for you to attend those schools becauseRead MoreIs College Worth The Money?991 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States alone, roughly about 20.2 million people are attending American universities and colleges as of the fall of 2015 (â€Å"Back to School Statistics†). Students around the country are paying thousands upon thousands of dollars to receive a degree in a field of their choice, where they may or may not be able to use to find work once they graduate. Is college really worth the money? Is it worth putting ourselves tens of thousands of dollars in debt to receive a diploma that doesn’t guaranteeRead MoreTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfor All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. Without an education, people are rendered powerless. Education gives people the power to go wherever and do whatever they want in life. This is especially true for higher education and a college degree is needed now more than ever. In the United States, in order to get ahead in a career or go up the social ladder, one needs a college degree.Read MoreThe Cost of Tuition Among Colleges and Universities in Highly Diversified and Indefinite926 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of tuition among colleges and universities is highly diversified and indefinite. Students shouldn’t be financial problems that are associated with the high tuition cost for their education because it creates unnecessary stress and financial problems. The student’s primary concern should be their academic performance and learning. The tuition fee includes extracurricular expenses such as lifesty le amenities that may not be essential toward the student education yet they are still being chargedRead MoreIs Post Secondary School Worth It?1405 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Secondary School Worth It? In a society where the inflation of the broad economy is going up, it is being beat by the rapidly increasing tuition costs. Everyday people make the decision whether it is worth paying for high college tuition when job wages are decreasing. However, since the wages of jobs are going down it is more important now that people receiving a degree from a college or university. Therefore they can be on the top of the pay range by having the advantage of getting a job over high schoolRead MoreShould College Be Free College?1688 Words   |  7 Pagescover the costs? Free college is now brought up as a debate whether or not students should receive free college tuition while attending college. Some individuals would like this idea, but I am definite the taxpayers would not like it or support it. If the government cannot afford what they are in debt with now, I am quiet uncertain how adding free college would help the debt go down. I am sure that the government would find some way to get the ir money back from allowing free tuition, or twice the amountRead MoreAmerican University Should Seriously Consider Lowering Tuition Costs892 Words   |  4 Pagescost quite as much as NYU, tuition is still very high, even for in-state public schools. If tuition continues to rise, the amount of students that cannot afford to go to college will increase, and these students will not be able to achieve their full potential. Because of this, colleges and universities in America, particularly public colleges, need to reconsider the cost of tuition. One of the wonderful aspects about college is that students are able to choose what college they want to go to, as opposedRead MoreA Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming1625 Words   |  7 PagesA major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. On top of being affordable, free community college tuition as it stands today is easily exploitable by those who don’t need itRead MoreShould Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No?909 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Lis Professor Holly Boux Political Science 103 December 1st, 2015 Should Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No Dear Representative John Kline, Executive Summary: In the United States, college should remain an accessible opportunity for Americans. Any one who is willing to put in the hard work and effort to make their future better, should be secured an education. A college education is important to one s future and can make a huge difference in how successful someone can become.Read MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And Modern Day Society1504 Words   |  7 Pages College Tuition Imagine college graduation day, walking down the aisle to receive a diploma that one has worked towards for their entire life. However, the moment is bittersweet because one’s education has put him/her into thousands of dollars in debt by the high tuition prices of colleges and loans to the government. Dehumanization by the totalitarian government in the book 1984 by George Orwell is similar to the dehumanization in modern society between the government and colleges onto the student

Through Deaf Eyes Free Essays

THROUGH DEAF EYES is a two-hour documentary that explores 200 years of Deaf life in America. The film presents the shared experiences of American history – family life, education, work, and community connections from the perspective of deaf citizens , and Gallaudet University president emeritus I. King Jordan. We will write a custom essay sample on Through Deaf Eyes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movie started by CJ Jones who is an actor director. It’s gives me more information about the deaf culture community by showing me the history of how Gallaudet, Laurent Clark other great people brought sign language to the united stated states. The video let me appreciate the deaf culture more and understand it better. Deaf people suffered many hardships through the years but opportunities for them are growing more and more. The way hearing view Deaf culture is becoming more and more accepting. Parents of deaf children have to face many tough decisions on how to help their child succeed in life. I have learned some historical news about ASL like: Ninety percent of deaf children have hearing parents; thirty five million Americans have some hearing loss, 300,000 people are profound deaf out of the thirty five million, deafness can be heredity, accident, injury. After I watched the in the movie that how In 1817 Thomas Gallaudet opened the first deaf school with seven students, and Laurent Clark brought FSL and worked together for the school which gives me a better view that they really worked together to build ASL foundation. I didn’t liked that how they suffered because of one man believed that using signs didn’t allow deaf children to learn to speak and lip read. Like how the oral method grew up and deaf teachers and teaching ASL method declined. How deaf school was prevented from signing and using the oral method as well as forbade signing and forced them to speak, and even babies were taught rhythm. Speaking was two-way communications for someone who can lip-read and speak, so others don’t assume that they can hear. Many discriminated deaf people so; they made the NAD (National Association Of Deaf). A rule was made that the deaf couldn’t work for the government. The seventh president of NAD fought and won to repeal the world. He is probably the most famous NAD president. He spoke four languages and was a brilliant man. NAD began making movies to maintain sign language. Deaf across portrayed deaf hearing characters because the movies were silence often-deaf characters were dumb and reason for laughter and comedy but at least deaf people could understand the movies. After, 1929, when movies were no longer silence and was a tragedy for the deaf. As schools spread, as well as signing, there were deaf teams they could defeat hearing teams, clubs and much more. However, tried to fix deafness and saw it was a problem. Charles Limbard flew â€Å"deaf flights† tried to cure deafness. Many parents turned to medicine to cure it, religion, and even by playing baseball. Really dislike how NAD banded Black people from attending deaf schools, which lasted for forty years. I liked their success when they achieve by establishing their own community and culture by sharing with other hearing people. Deaf people tried to focus on what they could do. If there was obstacle they usually came up with a solution on their own. There are now deaf churches so the could worship. For first ninety years telephones existence deaf people could not use it. Then the great technology in 1964, Robert Breck tried to invent a deaf telephone he was a deaf and a brilliant physicist. Then the teletypewriter worked in may of 1964. It spread as first in testing, type, in a new sense from the phone sound and after a few changes were made. TTY was a huge step and technology was working for the deaf world. Sign language made a huge impact in 1955 by deaf people thought signing was weird and different because of the way they were taught. National theater of the deaf began performing and signing for the hearing public too. More drama clubs for the deaf only performed for the deaf. In 1968, National Technological institute for the deaf was established. Finally a deaf actor was in a leading role sign language was used throughout the movie. Some critics thought Mark won the Oscar by sympathy. DPN (deaf president now) movement, there were three options: 1 hearing, 2 deaf. The hearing person was chosen. Protests began and they marched. Surprisingly, for seven days there was a protest. Student leaders rule the board refused to change their minds but had a public meeting when the new president came to the campus, the students blocked the entrances and wouldn’t budge 93% of population supported DPN. How after 9 hour meeting, board accepted all of their demands. A law was passed that made it illegal to discriminate against anyone with a disability and from now on, Gallaudet University will have a deaf president. The deaf community for many years has been discriminated and judge so cruel through out the history. By seeing this video now I learned how the deaf world could change their life. When I look at a deaf person or hard of hearing person, I look at them a lot different now than I did growing up. I found this to be very interesting. I can understand this because they want to be alert to say their goodbyes to their family. It is interesting how different cultures view this practice inside the United States as well as outside the United States. 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International Business Finance And Trade Domestic Company

Question: Describe about the International Business Finance and Trade for Domestic Company. Answer: Section 1 A. Discussion on merger and acquisition Three common elements in the cross border merger and acquisition Cross border merger and acquisition is a deal between foreign and domestic company for business purpose. A firm takes initiative for cross for merger and acquisition to get new business opportunity in a wider market. Changes in global environment such as technology, business regulatory framework and changes in capital market influence the merger and acquisition. One important element of the merger and acquisition is enhancing competitive position of the firm (Zheng et al., 2016). A firm can strengthen global competitiveness by accessing strategic property assets. A firm can use the assets of acquired firm or the firm with it has merged. This MA policy enable the firm to gain market power by enhancing the market share. The second common element of the MA policy is the management of the post acquisition transition. Third element is getting financial opportunities through MA. MA has some risk factors such as political risk, economic risk, and social risk. The identified element of merger and acquisition is important concern for a business to enhance the growth opportunity of the firm. Rani, Yadav Jain (2014) mentioned this term as green field investment. In the view of Otinda (2015), merger and acquisition is the cost effective way to get entry in the new market. A firm can gain competitive advantage about the in the form of technology, brand recognition in the target market. If these elements work in the positive direction for the business, these can accelerate the growth of the firm. The second element that a firm experiences after MA is the change in strategy and management. MA integrates two businesses and their culture. The success of MA depends on the collaboration of two different cultures. Third important element of the merger and acquisition is the valuation of the target firm. Firm can gain financial opportunity by choosing right method of valuation. Different channels of valuation can affect the merger propensities (Rani, Yadav Jain, 2015). Firms access to capital increases with the increase in firms value compared to other bidders. A small firm can be benefitted through acquired by a large firm. After acquisition, the share value of a small firm can increase in stock market. Reflection of the three elements in the TATA Motors acquisition of Jaguar Land Rover The objective of the Tata Motors for acquiring Jaguar Land Rover is to achieve global foot print and to enter global automobile market with a large scale. Jaguar Land Rover had a good brand value in the European market. Enhancing competitiveness and promoting growth wee other objectives. Tata motors gained two advanced design studios and technologies being a part of the acquisition deal. Tata motors could use the technology for the productivity improvement of the home country (Karolyi Taboada 2015). Tata Motors got the opportunity from this acquisition to us the high grade steel used by JLR. The steel was supplied by Corus in the European and US. Tata Motors has strong management practices, which facilitated the acquisition. Tata Motors has strong employee base, who are assets for the company. The organizational culture of Tata Motors follows empowering the employees with dynamic career path (Karolyi, Taboada, 2015). In-house and external training are organized for the skill development of the employees. Transformational and transactional leadership are followed in the Tata Motors. On the other hand, creative leadership style is followed in JLR. The management of JLR follows this leadership style for collaborative work in the organization. The management accepts innovative responses from the employees and responds to the changing situation readily. Hence, two different cultures have merged to enhance organizational culture. Tata Motors did not want to run the business from headquarter in India. Instead they decided to leave the business in the hands of executives in England. As stated by Erel, Liao Weisbach (2012), Tata Motors faced cash liquidity problem and had negative working capital after the acquisition. Moreover, debt ratio has increased in this company overtime after 2008 such that Tata Motors had paying problem of bridge loan of $3bn. Berger, Chen Li (2012) described that bridge loan is the short term loan that the company has to pay to remove the obligations. Due to facing liquidity crisis, Tata Motors has been facing difficulty in accessing credit and raising fund from the stock market. The acquisition was done in 2008 at the time of global financial crisis. Hence, this company had to face sub rime mortgage crisis and fall in demand for luxury car in the global market (Ahammad et al., 2016). However, this company has able to regain market share during 2012-13. Moreover, Tata Motors gained competitive advantage in cost synergy. Corus was main steel supplier for Tata group, TCS is the main manufacturing and engineering service provider and INC AT is the consultancy and outsourcing service providers of the Tata group. From the view point of valuation of the target company, it was thought that Jaguar is a good company being a reputed luxury brand. It can be said that the Tata Motors has faced both positive and negative side of the acquisition of JLR. Through this acquiring, Tata Motors got the opportunity to enter into the European market as well as the developing countries such as China, Asia pacific countries such as South Korea. B. ii) Discussion on the linkage between cost and available capital Interrelationship between cost of capital and availability of capital Cost of capital is the opportunity cost of making an investment. Cost of capital reflects the attitude of the investors towards risk. In the view of Aabo, Hansen Muradoglu (2015), cost of capital is the return expected by the company or a person, who invests capital in the business. There is an interrelationship between the cost of capital and availability of capital. If firm has sufficient fund to invest in a business, it can take risk of investment. Therefore, high return or higher cost of capital is expected from that investment. Case study of Tata Motors Tata Motors has took risk of investment in oversees. Tata Motors is listed in the New York Exchange and hence took the advantage to gather funds globally. Tata Motors planned to raise $1.08 bn funds from differential voting rights. The rule of DVR was that it would carry one vote for every ten shares. The company also decided to raise $330.69 mn funds from the rights issue of equity shares (Agyei-Ampomah, Mazouz Yin, 2013). Convertible preference shares were to be used for fund raising. Initially, Tata Motor used ordinary share for fund raising. The share value in Indian market was $45.85 per share. After issuing these shares, Tata Motors planned to raise $500-600 mn amount from overseas market through issue of securities. The acquisition of Jaguar Land Rover was done at $2.3 bn using bridge loan fund of $3 bn. It was expected that the equity capital of Tata Motors would increase by 30- 35% in the year 2008. During 2008, Tata Motors had almost $57.952 mn paid up equity capital. However, the company faced liquidity crisis after the acquisition and failed to raise sufficient funds to meet the liabilities (Arcelus, Gor Srinivasan, 2013). The main reason of failure was the global financial crisis and mortgage market collapse in US. This situation worsens the market capital of Tata Motors and share price. In order to manage this situation, Tata Motors used underwriting agreement with JM financial consultant, public deposit scheme, $1 bn debt package by British government and addition purchase by sister companies such as Tata Sons, Tat Capital and Tata Investment Ltd. Section 2 A. Exposure to currency risk and hedging strategies Concept of currency risk In the view of Agyei-Ampomah, Mazouz Yin (2013), currency risk arise when relative valuation of currencies change. Currency risk is important to be considered as can affect the potential profit or loss from an investment. Current risk is also termed as exchange rate risk. Arcelus, Gor Srinivasan, (2013) cited that currency risk may arise from the possibility that depreciation of a currency may have negative effect on the companys asset value, investment and dividend payment on security denominated foreign currency. Barth, Konchitchki Landsman (2013) mentioned two types of currency risks such as transactional and translational risk. Transaction risk is related to the unprecedented fluctuation in exchange rate over a certain period of time. Translational risk arises when an asset is held in foreign currency. One of the negative effects of the currency or exchange rate risk is fall of a country or organisation in debt trap. Purpose of hedging policy In order to manage the currency risk, investors often use hedging policy. Currency futures, forward or option are used the hedging instruments. Hedging is used to reduce the extent of risk by fixing the product price in future. Bartram, Burns Helwege (2013) opined that these instruments are expensive for the individual investors. Hence, a simple hedge against currency risk is the use of exchange traded funds. Factors affecting the change in foreign exchange rate There are several factors affecting the currency value change such as inflation rate in US, trade deficit or surplus in US, appreciation or depreciation of US dollar and political instability in Home Country. When inflation rate is high, interest rate in the economy is also high, which further raises the currency value of the US dollar. If the foreign currency depreciates, payment in Brazilian dollar is profitable than on US dollar (Bodnar, 2014). Exposure to currency risk that Crosswell International faces 1 dollar = 3.200086 BRL (Brazilian real) This is the current exchange rate between Brazil and US currency, which fluctuates overtime. If the Brazilian company Material Hospitalar purchase health care products from Crosswell international, the trade would be in Brazli real. As price competition prevails in Brazilian market, Crosswell International requires setting the price at low level to gain the market share in Brazil (Carf Musolino, 2014). Now, if the transaction deal between two firms is fixed today and transaction will occurred in future, currency value fluctuation may affect the earning of both firms. If US currency appreciates at the time of transaction, revenue earned in Brazil in dollar value decreases. On the other hand, if domestic currency depreciates, capital inflows increase in the US economy and revenue of Crosswell International increases. However, Chang, Hsin Shiah-Hou (2013) opined that exchange rate fluctuation is difficult to predict. Dong, Kouvelis Su (2014) stated that the extent of currency risk faced by a company depends upon the profit margin of the business. The currency risk will be greater for the change in currency value in the foreign exchange market if the profit margin is smaller. If the exchange rate changes by 0.0001, that is exchange rate becomes US$1 = BRL2.199986. Crosswells revenue will be affected if the profit margin of the firm is smaller in Brazil. If the transaction settles for 10,000 units of the product and the price for each product is $3, then total revenue is $30,000. It would be priced in Brazilian market at $3*2.199986 = BRL6.599958 at changed exchange rate and total revenue would be BRL65999.58. If exchange rate is as the present time, then total revenue is $3*3.00086*10000= BRL90025.28. Hence, it can be seen that the revenue fluctuates with change in exchange rate. Moreover, Erel, Liao Weisbach (2012) opined that short term frequent fluctuation in exchange rate affects firms profi tability more than that is in long run. The effects of currency risk in business are increase in expenses, decrease in profits. Due to the volatile nature, currency risk makes the financial planning difficult. Methods of hedging Hedging through derivative is common method used by the firms. Different types of hedging are currency option, future and forward hedging. Crosswell International can use ETF in advance. Crosswell should use the ETFS with lowest spending and fees. Crosswelll may use forward contract to hedge the currency risk. It is used to purchase an asset at a specified time in future at a specified price agreed upon today. In this case, the specified price is said to be as delivery price. When both the company enters into the forward contract, the buyer of the contract expects that the domestic currency will appreciates in future. On the other hand, seller expects that exchange rate will depreciates in future. If Crosswell expects large revenue by collaborating with Material Hospitalar from its Brazilian customers, then Crosswell may expect depreciation in home currency (Gowda et al., 2012) Crosswell can use put option for hedging. Cross border trading is often delayed hence required to fix the currency value. This company can hedge its long position with put options and a short seller can hedge the position by call options. In the view of Hutson Laing (2014), Crosswell can choose to buy a single put option, which gives the company right to sell 100 shares of the company at agreed price. If Crosswell has bought a put option with the exercise price of $30 and will make the transaction within five months, the price would be the same during those months. The price would be fixed during agreed time irrespective of the exchange rate fluctuation. In order to protect itself from downside risk, Crosswell can pay option premium in the form of insurance. Crosswell can use money market hedging. There are two sources of money market hedging such as transactional and translation exposure. Translation exposure is a bigger issue for the large organisation like Crosswell International. However, money market hedge is complicated to cover translational risk. Therefore, this process can use transactional exposure. The company may face this risk due to two reasons such as payment due or expected receivables in Brazilian currency or because assets /liabilities may be denominated in foreign currency (Karolyi Taboada, 2015). The risks can be hedged via money market through the following process. Crosswell needs to borrow Brazil Rial by the amount equal to the present value of the accounts receivables. Then conversion of foreign currency is made into domestic currency at the spot exchange rate. After this conversion, the US dollar value on deposit is to be placed at the prevailing interest rate. The firm needs to repay the foreign currency loan with interest, when the Brazilian currency receivables come in (Lambert, Leuz Verrecchia, 2012). B. i) various stages of market penetration in the Brazilian market Challenges faced by exporter to enter into foreign market Exporter faces significant challenges while entering into the foreign market for export goods and services. A common challenge is barrier to entry into the new market due to having existence of monopoly power in the economy. Monopoly power can block entry through patent rights, licenses. This strategy prevents the development of substitute in the market. Shah, Hasnu, Butt (2016) cited that legal protection available to the foreign firm creates barrier to business performance. Poor legal protection regarding patent rights, trade marks is disadvantages of the firm. Furthermore, existing competition increases cost of firm to implement strategies in the motive of aiming access of the market effectively. Different consumer choices, cultural, language and logistics may affect the entry of a firm into the foreign market. Types of risk faced by Crosswell Crosswell wants to enter into Brazilian market through collaboration with Material Hospitalar. This strategy has been taken to use the distribution channel of Material Hospitalar in the Brazil market. Price competition already exists in the market (Stulz, 2013). Imposition of tariff on the goods increases the price of the health care products. Hence, product price in the market of Brazil is likely to increase. Delay in accounts receivables from the customer is another risk that is likely to be faced by Crosswell. Political instability in Brazil is another risk for the exporter. Analysis of each risk affecting competitiveness Imposition of tariff increases product price in the foreign country. Moreover, fluctuations in currency values affect the price. Tariff increases the cost of goods of the exporters. Rise in product price has negative impact on the business. This policy affects the competitiveness of this firm negatively. Increase in price may reduce the demand for Crosswells product in the Brazilian market and therefore may reduce the revenue (Uygur, Meric Meric, 2013). Account receivable within due date brings competencies in a firm. If Material Hospitalar fails to collect receivables from the customers in Brazil, it pushes the company towards liquidity crisis by reducing cash inflows. Liquidity and insolvency hampers business operation and reduces creditors task. Hence, investment and operational capability of the firm are hampered. Furthermore, fluctuations in currency value affect the profitability of the firm. All these factors affect the export of health products in Brazilian market. Negative effect and product may reduce the volume of export in that country (Zheng et al., 2016). It can be concluded that exporting is to assess the market of a foreign country through supplying goods and services. A firm may face several risks such as currency risks, risk of price rise due to tariff and other legal fees in the foreign country, which affects the business performance of the firm. References Aabo, T., Hansen, M. A., Muradoglu, Y. G. (2015). Foreign Debt Usage in Non?Financial Firms: a Horse Race between Operating and Accounting Exposure Hedging.European Financial Management,21(3), 590-611. Agyei-Ampomah, S., Mazouz, K., Yin, S. (2013). The foreign exchange exposure of UK non-financial firms: A comparison of market-based methodologies.International Review of Financial Analysis,29, 251-260. Ahammad, M. F., Tarba, S. Y., Liu, Y., Glaister, K. W. (2016). Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), 66-75. Arcelus, F. J., Gor, R., Srinivasan, G. (2013). Foreign exchange transaction exposure in a newsvendor setting.European Journal of Operational Research,227(3), 552-557. Barth, M. E., Konchitchki, Y., Landsman, W. R. (2013). Cost of capital and earnings transparency.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(2), 206-224. Bartram, S. M., Burns, N., Helwege, J. (2013). Foreign currency exposure and hedging: Evidence from foreign acquisitions.The Quarterly Journal of Finance,3(02), 1350010. Berger, P. G., Chen, H. J., Li, F. (2012, September). Firm specific information and the cost of equity capital. InEFA 2006 Zurich Meetings. Bodnar, G. (2014). Techniques for Managing Exchange Rate Exposure.Retrieved September,10, 2014. Carf, D., Musolino, F. (2014). Speculative and hedging interaction model in oil and US dollar markets with financial transaction taxes.Economic Modelling,37, 306-319. Chang, F. Y., Hsin, C. W., Shiah-Hou, S. R. (2013). A re-examination of exposure to exchange rate risk: The impact of earnings management and currency derivative usage.Journal of Banking Finance,37(8), 3243-3257. Dong, L., Kouvelis, P., Su, P. (2014). Operational hedging strategies and competitive exposure to exchange rates.International Journal of Production Economics,153, 215-229. Erel, I., Liao, R. C., Weisbach, M. S. (2012). Determinants of cross?border mergers and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,67(3), 1045-1082. Gowda, S., Ard, T., Sagula, R., Blinn, A., Buiten, T. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,156,418. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Huang, Z., Brass, D. J. (2016). Cross?Border Acquisitions and the Asymmetric Effect of Power Distance Value Difference on Long?Term Post?Acquisition Performance.Strategic Management Journal. Hutson, E., Laing, E. (2014). Foreign exchange exposure and multinationality.Journal of Banking Finance,43, 97-113. Karolyi, G. A., Taboada, A. G. (2015). Regulatory arbitrage and cross?border bank acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,70(6), 2395-2450. Lambert, R. A., Leuz, C., Verrecchia, R. E. (2012). Information asymmetry, information precision, and the cost of capital.Review of Finance,16(1), 1-29. Otinda, M. (2015).The Effects of Change Management on Mergers and Acquisitions: A Case Study of Loreal East Africa Limited(Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa). Rani, N., Yadav, N. I. I., Jain, P. K. (2015). Impact of cross-border acquisitions' announcements on shareholders' wealth: evidence from India.Global Business and Economics Review,17(4), 360-382. Rani, N., Yadav, S. S., Jain, P. K. (2014). Impact of Domestic and Cross-Border Acquisitions on Acquirer Shareholders Wealth: Empirical Evidence from Indian Corporate.International Journal of Business and Management,9(3), 88. Shah, S., Hasnu, S. A. F., Butt, S. A. (2016). The Impact of Working Capital Policy on Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Domestic and Multinational Firms.Abasyn University Journal of Social Sciences,9(1). Stulz, R. M. (2013). How companies can use hedging to create shareholder value.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,25(4), 21-29. Uygur, O., Meric, G., Meric, I. (2013). 2007-2009 Bear Market and Corporate Takeovers.International Journal of Economics and Finance,5(2), 78. Zheng, N., Wei, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, J. (2016). In search of strategic assets through cross-border merger and acquisitions: Evidence from Chinese multinational enterprises in developed economies.International Business Review,25(1), 177-186.

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Y2kThis year, most of the world is preparing to celebrate the year 2000 and the coming of anew millennium. However, many businesses, manufacturers, banks and hospitals arequietly hoping for an uneventful new years transition. At midnight on December 31,many businesses will be anticipating what effects the millennium rollover will have oncomputer software and other equipment that contain a time sensitive chip called anembedded chip. Early computer programmers, in an effort to conserve limited memoryspace, programmed computers to read the year in only two digits. So computers read 15as 1915, and 02 as 1902, and so on. Thus, when the year 2000 arrives, many computerprograms might go from December 31, 1999 to January 1, 1900. Some computers willcease to function, or ?crash?. Needless to say, if these programs control functions such aselectricity, airline travel, or communications, the results could be disastrous. Manycompanies and governments have spent countless hours and untold dollars makingsoftware Y2K (year 2 thousand) compatible. We will write a custom essay on Y2k (3187 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The consequences of not preparing for the Y2K problem could spell disaster forthe company involved. For example, a small Midwestern manufacturer encountered asimilar date-related problem in 1996 (a leap year) when the company did not realize thattheir entire computer network would be affected by the extra day in the year. When theyear 1997 turned over, all systems shut down. This malfunction caused the liquidsolutions being produced to freeze, causing them to destroy the pipelines they ran through. This disaster cost the company over $1 million in new equipment. The catastrophe causedmassive delivery delays to their customers, and the company believes numerous customeraccounts were lost as a result. This is just a small example of what could happen whencomputer software and related equipment is not tested for Y2K compatibility. Now,imagine the confusion and disaster that could result from a similar incident occurring in ahospitalwhere lives, not inventory, are at stake. ?Code Blue 2000? is the term used to describe the possible breakdown of theworlds hospital software and related medical devices. Most hospital organizations haveprepared themselves for any problems that might occur with their software and medicalequipment. It is the organizations that ignore the potential problem that will most likelyloose valuable patient information, and in extreme cases, have their ability to furnishadequate health care reduced. Major Hospital in Shelbyville, Indiana, has a team of computer scientists currentlytesting the hospitals computer systems software for Y2K compatibility. First, mocksystems are tested to determine what will actually happen when the year changes. Then,obsolete software and equipment is replaced with Y2K compliant equipment. MajorHospital has spent over a half-million dollars on research of the Y2K problem. Thisresearch is extremely costly to an organization, but the alternativeignoring theproblemcould be catastrophic. This report will cover the numerous ways the Y2K problem could affect hospitals. The first and most important area that will be reviewed is the manner in which the Y2Kproblem could affect patients. The Y2K problem could adversely affect the biomedicaldevices some patients rely on for life-sustaining purposes. Then, the potential problemson the clerical side of hospital administration will be explored; focusing on patientsmedical records and accounts. Finally, the possible adverse effects on utilities such aselectricity, gas, and water will be discussed. A hospital is a place that a person should feelsafe and secure. This report will describe the steps being taken by hospitals to ensure thattheir patients peace of mind and sense of security is unaltered. The Y2K problem is a concern for hospitals worldwide for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most pressing concern are the biomedical devices, which contain computersoftware, that many patients rely on. Some critical biomedical devices are pacemakers,fetal monitors, Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines (MRIs), and heart defibrillators. One of the most important biomedical devices that could be affected by the Y2K problem is the pacemaker. A pacemaker is a biomedical, electronic device implanted inthe wall of the heart designed to detect irregular heartbeats and provide regular, mild,electric shocks that restore normalcy to the heartbeat. The pacemaker then records thetime an electric shock was administered; this information can then be downloaded to acomputer system and analyzed by medical personnel. Cardiologists use this information todetect patterns and irregularities in the patients heart rhythms. If the software were torecord faulty times for the shock deliveries, the cardiologist could misinterpret the resultsand administer improper medical care. The results could be deadly for some patients. The Veterans Administration interviewed the top five pacemaker manufacturers togauge their awareness of the potentially hazardous Y2K problem. One company said theproblem would be corrected by mid-year; two companies stated the problem was alreadyunder control; and the final two companies were behind schedule in eradicate the problem. In addition to the pacemaker, there are several other biomedical devices that maycontain faulty software. One such type of device is an anesthesia monitor. An anesthesiamonitor regulates the anesthesias effect on the patient during surgery. Another criticalbiomedical device is a fetal monitor. A fetal monitor helps examine the condition of thebaby while it is still being carried by the mother. Incubators, critical to a newborn babyssurvival, could also be adversely affected by the Y2K problem. Other biomedical devices(and their functions) include MRIs (produce computer-generated views of arteries,nerves, tendons, and tumors), infusion pumps (used in intravenous drips), and heartdefibrillators (emergency method of establishing a heartbeat). All of the aforementioneddevices contain embedded microchips critical to their functions. There are also intensivecare monitors that may not be Y2K compliant; these include heart monitors, bloodpressure monitors, and machines that provide additiona l oxygen and physical support. Finally, dialysis machines (help remove waste from a patients blood) and radiationequipment (x-rays, chemotherapy, etc..) are other critical pieces of medical equipment thatcould fail if the software controlling their functions is not Y2K compliant. Major Hospital is currently working with all of their medical equipment vendors toensure that all biomedical devices are Y2K compliant. ?We are confident that outstandingpatient care will not be interrupted,? says Carol Hussman, information systems manager atMajor Hospital, ?and we are about 95 percent finished with all testing.?One may think that in this day and age, with all of our technological advancements,that the Y2K problem would not be of concern to even the average computer user with afairly new system; much less a vital institution such as a hospital where thousands of ourloved ones lives hang in the balance. However, this is not the case. There are stillhospitals in the United States that are not equipped to deal with the Y2K problem. Moreover, the U.S. is not the only place where the Y2K problem is causing difficulties. Infact, almost a third of computer-related equipment in Australian hospitals, includingcardiac monitors and drug distribution systems, have failed the mil lennium test. .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postImageUrl , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:visited , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active { border:0!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction of the South EssayThe final aspect of patient care that may be affected is the mental health of thepatients. In a crisis situation, patients might panic; hospital staffs will have to be aware ofthis potential crisis. Major Hospital personnel are aware of this aspect of the Y2Kproblem and are focused on preventing any software problems that may lead to patientconfusion or panic. However, there are no specific strategies in place to handle possiblepatient disorder, other than by answering patient questions on an individual basis. The Y2K problem is not limited to biomedical devices, however. This dilemmaeffects non-medical devices such as the personal computers used in record-keeping andaccounting. If the programs that are used are not corrected, many problems could arise. Even though some patient records are kept in paper form as a backup, most patientinformation, such as test results, medical histories, registration, and insurance informationare kept in computer databases. These databases, if left unchecked for the Y2K problem,could malfunction. Patient information is important to physicians and other hospitalpersonnel using the databases. It is readily available to them at the touch of a keypad. Ifpatient information is inaccurate, it could result in detrimental care or incorrect medicationbeing administered to patients. This dilemma could be solved in one of two ways. One option hospitals have is toput all information on paper, which would be very time consuming and prone to causeerrors, or the database systems can be programmed to be Y2K compatible. In order toaddress the Y2K problem, President Bill Clinton signed into law the ?Year 2000Information and Readiness Disclosure Act.? In a statement by the president released bythe Office of the Press Secretary of the White House, this law requires the shared?necessary information tools needed to overcome the Y2K problem.? This will helphospital information systems departments acquire the knowledge necessary to reprogramnoncompliant systems. The personal computer problem not only affects the hospital records department,but also the purchasing, billing, and payroll aspects of the accounting department. The purchase of essential medical equipment and supplies could be delayed if clerical softwareis not brought into Y2K compliance. In addition to President Clinton signing into law requirements that hospitals andother businesses share information to help solve the Y2K problem, The Washington StateHealth Association (WSHA) also recommends steps for compatibility for insurance billing. According to Tom Byron, chief information officer of the WSHA, ?The Washington StateUniform Billing Committee (WSUBC) has adopted multiple resolutions concerningelectronic submission of Uniform Billing (UB-92) claims such as, (1) use of the MedicalFlat File, Version 5.0, (2) all plans should be ready to accept the recommended format byOctober 1, 1998, (3) providers should submit claims in the recommended format byJanuary 1, 1999, (4) all plans should allow for a period of October 1, 1998 to March 31,1999 for providers to submit claims in either the recommended format or the currentformat, and (5) electronic formats not Y2K compliant should cease beginning April 1,1999. If the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress and the president , and therecommendations made by the WSUBC are followed, the Y2K problem will likely havelittle or no affect on the clerical areas of hospitals. In addition to the patient care and clerical concerns facing hospitals with respect tothe Y2K problem, there is one other pressing concern for hospitals. Utilities are essentialto the everyday life most people are accustomed to. If the electricity goes out at home,most people just burn candles and wait, without much worry, for the lights to come backon. However, losing utility service in a hospital could be much more than aninconvenience. Imagine having to go to the hospital on December 31, 1999. It could be more of aproblem than you think. All hospitals rely on electricity, gas, and water for their everydayoperations. A spokesperson for Major Hospital states that all methods have beenexhausted to comply with state and federal guidelines and suggestions regarding the Y2Kproblem. The suggestions include, but are not limited to, obtaining a copy of the?Approach to the Y2K Problem?, distributed by the federal government. This approachsuggests a plan of attack and an inventory of all systems that might be affected. A teamshould be formed with a leader to assess the problems. This team should assess andprioritize possible problems. At that point, the team must prepare a list of all assessmentsmade. This leads the team to the testing phase of the operation. After testing, correctionsshould be made, and a reassessment needs to be done. Utilities are just a small portion ofthe testing that will be done. Utility companies are spending more than $2 billion to test and prepare theircomputers and replace software in order to successfully meet the Y2K challenge. At thistime, there is no evidence that the Y2K problem will create power failures within thenationwide electrical power-service grid. Electric companies plan to have a dressrehearsal in September, 1999, to gauge how utilities will react to a simulation of the Y2Kscenario. The inability of some equipment and computers with date-sensitive components todistinguish the correct year after the year 2000 has now become a widely recognized andaccepted problem. The utility company Cinergy began an active response to this dilemmain 1996 with a review of several million lines of computer software application code in acampaign to locate and correct date-sensitive fields. Most of that code has since beenexamined, corrected, tested, and returned to operation. All such remaining systems are onschedule for completion by March, 1999. Cinergy, like most owners of information systems, will be required to modifysignificant portions of its systems to accommodate new local, state, and federalrequirements brought about by the Y2K problem. During 1997, Cinergy incurred costs ofapproximately $8 million. Maintenance or modification costs will be absorbed as theyoccur, while the costs of new software will be capitalized and amortized over thesoftwares useful life. For example, at Hawaiian Electric Company (HECo), the Y2K project teamidentified significant problems with its energy management system (EMS). EMS is the?brain? of the power distribution system at all electric companies. This system is used toremotely control transmission system breakers, coordinate power generation schedules,compensate for large transmission line breaks, and provide protection against voltage, andcurrent and frequency transients. HECo and their EMS system vendor determined thatEMS would crash on the rollover to January 1, 2000. This would have, in turn, resultedin HECos transmission network crashing, and by default, a major power outage and lossof all generating capacity. .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postImageUrl , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:visited , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active { border:0!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PAREN EssayBesides medical devices, embedded chips are ?hard wired? into other pieces ofequipment that may be critical to patient services or hospital operations. This equipmentis often the responsibility of the vendor, not the hospital. These systems include 1) firealarm systems, including detection, sending/ receiving, and suppression units, 2) securitysystems, including sending/receiving units, video and surveillance systems, and badgereaders, 3) telecommunications equipment, including telephone switching equipment,emergency call management systems, pagers, and cellular phones, 4) buildinginfrastructure, i ncluding HVAC, energy management and lighting controls, emergencygenerators and lighting, uninterruptible power supplies, and elevators. Major Hospital isamong a number of the worlds health care providers that will participate in every effort tominimize any and all malfunctions related to the Y2K problem. Gas companies are contacting their suppliers and service providers to determinethe status of their year 2000 compliance projects and will be developing contingency plansif their efforts do not meet certain goals. An inventory of computer systems, embeddedsystems, and resources has been developed and prioritized according to the importance tothe continuing operation of the companies. It is anticipated by gas companies that thistesting, and any required modifications to systems, will be completed by July, 1999. Major Hospital uses gas for heating and lab equipment. However, Major Hospital isunlikely to be affected by a gas outage because gasoline-powered electric generators willtake over in the event of an outage and run most systems. Wastewater and sewage treatment facilities are highly automated and contain year2000-vulnerable embedded chips. Also, emissions monitoring and control systems dependon year 2000-vulnerable embedded controls. Malfunctions due to Y2K problems couldlead to accidental pollutant-filled releases and emissions that could endanger localresidents. In August, 1998, a malfunctioning computer in Boulder, Colorado was blamedfor water main breaks that cut service to over 40 homes, flooded basements and garages,and turned city streets into raging rivers. A computer controlling water pressure gaveinaccurate readings, prompting a city worker to open the mains. Some residents andbusinesses were left without water for over a week. Major Hospital staff have preparedfor a water shortage. They have stocked up on bottled water, just as every other hospitalhas done. However, bottled water will only last so long. In the event of a prolongedwater shortage, such as the one in Boulder, Major Hospital personnel will be faced withpersonal hygiene and medicine issues. Patients must be bathed on a daily basis andwashed off completely. It is difficult to comprehend a hospital as an unsanitaryenvironment; where doctors must ?scrub? repeatedly to reduce the risk of infection andpatients must be kept free of germs. Medicines are sometimes mixed with water to formtheir completed structure. This crux could alarm the many patients who depend on thesemedicines. The sewage treatment plant in Shelbyille, Indiana that services Major Hospitalstates that the plant is already Y2K compliant. The faculty and staff at Major Hospital is extremely confident that when the newmillennium arrives, it will not be accompanied by any significant problems or catastropheswith regard to malfunctioning utilities. If any problems do surface, Major Hospital hasassured its community and its patients that the problems will be minor in scope and will bequickly and efficiently dealt with. As has been discussed in this report, the Y2K problem is a vast and complex issuethat must be dealt with by hospitals. Virtually every facet of hospital care is affected bythe Y2K problem. Patient care, clerical software, and utilities are three major aspects ofthe hospital organization that, if left unchecked for Y2K compliance, could causeconfusion, sickness, and even death among hospital patients. Worst case scenarios involvemalfunctioning pacemakers, improper medication being dispensed, and unusabledefibrillators in emergency situations. The Major Hospital staff, like most other hospitalstaffs, continue s to work diligently to ensure that whatever malfunctions occur are minor. It is difficult to predict the scope of the Y2K problem and the possible severity ofrelated malfunctions when the most knowledgeable computer experts disagree on theseverity of the problem. According to Alastair Stewart, a senior Year 2000 advisor withinformation technologies market watcher Giga Information Group, the Y2K computerdate bug will not cause an ?embedded systems Armageddon? as some have feared. ?Itmay rain, but the sky wont fall.? Giga recently called for a ?common-sense approach? tothe Y2K threat. Some projected scenarios have Y2K failures toppling civilization. Forexample, in one sequence of falling dominoes, embedded track switching controls willcause railroads to fail to deliver coal to power generation plants. As a result, electricutilitieswhich have Y2K problems of their ownwill shut down. As the power grid goesdead, telephones will stop working. Without communications the interlinked banks andinternational finance structures begin to fall and, ultimately, so does c ivilization. ?Can you hear the four horsemen galloping off in the distance remarked Stewart. ?Its easy to scare people with talk about The Great God Teowawki.? ?Teowawki?stands for ?the end of the world as we know it,? Stewart explained. Just as some downplay potential Y2K problems, others offer substantial evidencethat the Y2K problem is for real. Mike Wedland, a noted software expert and author ofnumerous computer software guides, produces the following examples for consideration:U.S. Social Security computer programmers have identified 30 million lines of codethat need to be changed to reflect the correct date after the year 2000. Some 400programmers have been working on this problem since 1991. As of June, 1997 theyhad corrected only 5 million lines. The Internal Revenue Service has identified 100 million lines of code that need to bechanged in their computers to fix Y2K problems. They have only found about 300programmers and they are just now getting started. An estimated 65 percent of the businesses in the U.S that need to correct the problemhave done nothing so far. Regardless of whether the Y2K problem is all hype or a catastrophe waiting tohappen, hospitals must prepare for the worst. While businesses deal in profits and stocks,hospitals deal in human beings. When peoples health and lives are at stake it is best to beaggressively cautious. It appears that most U.S. hospitals have a firm understanding of theconsequences of not being Y2K compliant, and are dealing with the issue accordingly. Technology Essays

Communication Skills of the Mental Health Nurse Essays

Communication Skills of the Mental Health Nurse Essays Communication Skills of the Mental Health Nurse Essay Communication Skills of the Mental Health Nurse Essay Abstract This work attempts to examine a number of issues generated by the discussion on the communication skills of the mental health nurse. Nursing actions are planned to promote, maintain, and restore the clients well-being and health. Clients and nurses alike come to the communication with unique cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities that they use in their joint endeavor of enhancing the clients well-being. Mental health nurses are responsible for encouraging this interchange of ideas, values, and skills. In an effective helping communication there is a definite and guaranteed interchange between clients and nurses in all three dimensions. The communicative role of the nurse is, thus, an important one. Communication Skills of the Mental Health Nurse Communication is a life-long learning process for the nurse. Nurses make the intimate journey with the client and family from the miracle of birth to the mystery of death. Nurses build assertive communication for this journey. Nurses provide education that helps clients change life-long habits. Nurses communicate with people under stress: clients, family, and colleagues. Nurses deal with anger and depression, with dementia and psychosis, with joy and despair. Nurses serve as client advocates and as members of interdisciplinary teams who may have different ideas about priorities for care. Despite the complexity of technology and the multiple demands on a nurses time, it is the intimate moments of connection that can make all the difference in the quality of care and meaning for the client and the nurse. As nurses refine their communications skills and build their confidence, they can move from novice to expert. Nurses honor the differences in clients with humility and learn and grow i n their ability to trust their intuition - the sacred moment of connection when we ac- knowledge the divine presence in each of us, the essence of each person. Communication involves the reciprocal process of sending and receiving messages between two or more people. This work will focus on the communication skills of the mental health nurse. Communication can either facilitate the development of a therapeutic relationship or create barriers (Burleson 2003). In general, there are two parts to face-to-face communication: the verbal expression of the senders thoughts and feelings, and the nonverbal expression. Verbally, cognitive and affective messages are sent through words, voice inflection, and rate of speech; nonverbally, messages are conveyed by eye movements, facial expressions, and body language. Senders determine what message they want to transmit to the receiver and encode their thoughts and feelings into words and gestures. Senders messages are transmitted to the receiver through sound, sight, touch, and occasionally, through smell and taste. Receivers of the messages have to decode the verbal and nonverbal transmission to make sense of the thoughts and feelings communicated by senders. After decoding the senders words, speech patterns, and facial and body movements, the receivers encode return messages, either ve rbally, through words, or nonverbally, through gestures.   Figure 1 illustrates this reciprocal nature of the communication process. At any point in an interpersonal communication we send and receive verbal and nonverbal messages about thoughts and feelings. The assertive nurse appears confident and comfortable. Assertive behavior is contrasted with nonassertive or passive behavior, in which individuals disregard their own needs and rights, and aggressive behavior, in which individuals disregard the needs and rights of others (Figure 2). The communication between mental health nurse and clients typology is divided into two broad categories: client–nurse communications and person-in-situation, or environmental, interventions. There are six intervention methods within the client–worker communications category: 1. Sustainment. Communications designed to convey interest, understanding, confidence, and reassurance constitute the bulk of sustainment. Frequently, these are nonverbal cues, such as attentive posture, minimal prompts (repeating a word the client has used ina questioning manner), nods, and smiles. Sparingly used supportive statements such as â€Å"You seem to be coping well with an enormous amount of pressure† or â€Å"It is to be expected that this would be difficult to deal with† reflect a level of understanding of the clients situation and sustain the communication. 2. Direct influence. This communication type is really a continuum of interventions that range from tentative suggestion through directive advice giving. Giving direct advice is seldom appropriate to the mental health nurse. Even so, suggestions such as â€Å"I wonder whether it might make sense to consider X strategy for handling this problem† or â€Å"Have you thought about trying to do X in that situation?† fall within the range of mental health nurse work interventions in health care settings. 3. Exploration, description, and ventilation. These communications are designed to promote client disclosures through questions and other techniques. Although using minimal prompts and nodding are also involved in sustainment, the goal differs when they are used in this context. The exploration of clients problems, motivations, and strengths, their descriptions of interactions and situations, and their opportunity to allow open expression of emotions are all goals of this type of intervention. 4. Person–situation reflection. Reflection of client communications is often a main goal of intervention. Burleson (2003) divides the types of reflection into six further categories: reflections of others (clients own health or other aspects of the exterior world); client behavior (including its effects on others or on self); the nature of clients behavior, thoughts, and feelings; the causes and provocations of behavior; self-image, values, and principles from an evaluative stance; and feelings about the nurse or the client–nurse relationship. 5. Pattern–dynamic reflection. Communication for the purpose of reflecting back general patterns in the clients behavior and the motivations behind the behavior are given a separate category. Much interpretive and analytic work is done with this type of communication. 6. Developmental reflection. Like pattern–dynamic reflection, this type of communication identifies patterns in client motivation and behavior; however, the focus is on historical developmental patterns. Framing reflections in terms of prior client development is a hallmark of this type of interaction. Acceptance, and its associated value of being non-judgmental, is extensively examined in communication skills. It involves ‘respect and concern’ and ‘an uncompromising belief in the innate worth of the individual human being’ (Atkinson 2002). It is essential not simply that the worker should have these beliefs, but that the client actually experiences himself being respected by the worker.   We do not display unconditional positive regard: there is an expectation by the worker that change will occur. Acceptance, however, requires humility. Indeed, it may go beyond simple refusal to judge, but actively to seek to understand can be a prerequisite to acceptance. A final element is the commitment implied by acceptance: that although the client may behave in ways disapproved of, the relationship will continue as far as the nurse is concerned. Atkinson (2002) stresses consciously attempting to suspend personal value judgments, opinions, attitudes and feelings ab out the issues raised, and concentrate on accepting the client’s values, feelings and opinions (p. 174). The nurse should accept the patient as he or she is, and in addition to accepting him/her as he is, the nurse should treat the patient as an emotionally able stranger and relate to him/her as such until evidence shows otherwise. Nurses must remain true to their values while accepting the patient’s right to follow his/her conscience, they must display tolerance of themselves and others and must be non-judgmental so the patient feels free to express his/her real feelings. To be accepting is, at base, to be friendly. Empathy, listening and individualizing are a closely related cluster of qualities. Empathy is perhaps the most widely discussed element in nursing communication skills. Atkinson (2002) suggests it is imaginatively understanding others: ‘the power to feel imaginatively the experience of the other person†¦to â€Å"get on the same wavelength† as them’. The nurses attempt to ‘put themselves in another’s shoes’. However, this should not overwhelm them. Burleson (2003) calls it controlled emotional involvement. Burleson identifies a continual movement between merging with the client and regaining an objective stance. We recognize that we are a separate person, and this is necessary to maintain a sense of proportion. There is a clear intuitive dimension. Jordan (1979, p. 20) considers ‘it requires the exercise of all her [the worker’s] intuitive and imaginative capacities’ to go beyond the detail of the message. It also has a more cognitive element. It involves ‘building up our knowledge’ (Atkinson 2002) and methods of reasoning†¦to make an objective analysis†¦ [and] the theoretical knowledge [to obtain]†¦a mental representation of the other (Burleson Planalp 2000). Listening is a closely associated practice element. Indeed, it would appear a prerequisite to any degree of accurate empathy. Although non-verbal cues may be used, the ability to listen significantly facilitates understanding of the client and the meaning for him of his circumstances. Listening, however, is not a passive activity. Atkinson (2002) emphasizes nurse involvement, and the active seeking for ‘information’: ‘a listener who is able to respond actively and appropriately to the messages he receives’. Riley (2000) considers likewise it is not a passive ‘hearing’. It is an active search for the meaning in and an active understanding of, the client’s communication. (p. 168) It is this active striving for meaning which links it to empathy, the attempt to understand. It is ‘listen and know what I mean’ (Worden 2003). Listening, though, has a further positive element: actually encouraging the client to express himself. It involves listening hard, not only to the words which the client is using, but also the overtones of what he is saying together with encouraging the client to formulate and express his worries. Individualization is also closely associated with empathy: for to empathize is to do so with an individual who has unique qualities. Individualization is the recognition and understanding of each client’s unique qualities based on the right to be treated not just as a human being, but as this human being with his personal differences. Individualization possesses two central characteristics: like others it involves recognition of uniqueness, but also one of value a valuation of an individual’s potential accomplishments. Barrett (2003) identifies three ways in which it occurs in practice: in the present through the current nurse-client relationship; in description of the past through which the client presents their biography; and discussing future actions contributing to his/her personal identity. Overall treatment should be geared to individual needs. Above all, individualization means being free from projecting stereotypes on to people. Communication skills of mental health nursing also discuss empathy. It is the ability to perceive accurately the feelings of another person and to communicate this understanding to him. It is the capacity for participating in a vicarious experience of another’s feelings, volitions or ideas. Atkinson (2002) considers it to be an absolutely essential element of interpersonal communication. Nurse authors recognize it goes beyond simply what another person says: it is the ability to perceive accurately the internal frame of reference of the other and involves the latent meaning of what has been said. It is necessary, though, to retain some separateness: it is the quality of objectivity which distinguishes empathy from sympathy. Overall seeing things through the other person’s eyes involves, first, responding to the words and reflecting them, and second, picking out the unspoken feelings behind what is said. A further cluster of related concepts are authenticity, genuineness and openness. Authenticity requires the nurse be real and human in the communication. It implies spontaneity, the willingness to share one’s own feelings and reactions. Genuineness on the other hand means that there is a striving towards congruence between the nurses’ feelings and their behavior. Authenticity, then, means retaining one’s essential ‘humanness’, while genuineness is significant in the generation of authenticity: the worker openly providing information requested, and when appropriate initiates information sharing. This involves being honest about the reality of the nurse’s position: that the nurse’s powers and limitations are stated clearly when appropriate. Authenticity and openness, therefore, involve being authentic as a professional and not just a private person. Congruence means that nurses bring honest matches the underlying value system and essentia l self as a professional person. At a personal level it motivates a warm and nurturing heart, on objective, open and disciplined mind (heart and head). It is the synthesis of personal and professional which is significant: without this there is a loss of spontaneity with the worker appearing as a guarded professional. How does the nurse demonstrate genuineness? The nurse should give time, be sincere and be consistent in the attitudes and behavior shown during the communication. However sincerity does not involve cushioning the patient inappropriately from reality. This work has examined issues relating to communication (or its likely effect) and client involvement in the process of intervention. The role of the mental health nurse in health communication bears both similarities and dissimilarities to that of the physician. The nurse is in a pivotal position on the patient care team. Often nurses claim that patients should be treated as people rather than cases, they do not communicate as they profess they should nor as they think they do. In summary, this work highlights the importance of practice and preparation in the development of mental health nurses communication skills. Changing and improving the way health care providers interact with patients is complicated for several reasons. First, many nurses have developed a style of communicating that they perceive to be effective and easy to use, especially if they have been practicing for a number of years. To diversify their communicative repertoire, nurses must believe in the need for change , learn new responses (e.g., open-ended questions, attentive listening), and identify and refrain from problematic behaviors. Because of these factors, it is unlikely that a single, brief intervention will lead to significant improvement in a health care providers communicative skills. Research to date indicates that the most successful communication skill interventions will be those that are intensive and employ diverse pedagogical techniques including expert and patient feedback, role playing, modeling, practice, group discussion, and watching ones performance on videotape. References Atkinson, Mary. (2002). Mental Health Handbook for Schools. Routledge/Falmer: London. Barrett, Sheila. (2003). Communication, Relationships and Care: A Reader. Routledge: New York. Burleson, B. R., Planalp, S. (2000). â€Å"Producing emotion(al) messages.† Communication Theory, 10. Burleson, Brant R. (2003). Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ. Riley, Julia Balzer. (2000). Communication in Nursing. Mosby: St. Louis, MO. Worden, J. William. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Brunner-Routledge: Hove, England. Figure 1  Ã‚   The Human Communication Process Figure 2 Assertive and Nonassertive Style of Communication Characteristics Assertive Nonassertive Aggressive Attitude toward self and others Im OK Youre OK Im not OK Youre not OK Im not OK Youre not OK Decision making Makes own decision Lets others choose for him or her Chooses for others Behavior in problem situations Direct, fair confrontation Flees, gives in Outright, assaultive Verbal behaviors Clear, direct statement of wants; objective words; honest statement of feelings Apologetic words; hedging; rambling; failing to say what is meant Loaded words; accusations; superior, haughty words; labeling of other person Nonverbal behaviors Confident, congruent messages Actions instead of words (not saying what is felt); incongruence between words and behaviors Air of superiority; flip- pant, sarcastic style Voice Firm, warm, confident Weak, distant, soft, wavering Tense, shrill, loud, cold, demanding, authoritarian, coldly silent Eyes Warm, in contact, frank Averted, downcast, teary, pleading Expressionless, cold, narrowed, staring Stance Relaxed Stooped; excessive lean- ing for support Hands on hips; feet apart Hands Gestures at appropriate times Fidgety, clammy Fists pounding or clenched Pattern of relating Puts himself or herself up without putting others down Puts himself or herself down Puts himself or herself up by putting others down Response of others Mutual respect Disrespect, guilt, anger, frustration Hurt, defensiveness, humiliation Consequences of style I win, you win; strives for win-win or no lose solutions I lose, you lose; only succeeds by luck or charity of others I win, you lose; beats out others at any cost STUDENT NAME_________________ DATE___________________________ GRADING GRID / CRITERIA: FORMAL APA PAPER TOPIC SELECTION: (15%)_____  § Relevant to professional nursing  § Timely/current  § Appropriate for length and course STRUCTURE: (35%)_____  § Correct use of grammar and spelling  § Expression of ideas well organized, clear, and concise  § Appropriate length of paper and paragraphs  § Appropriate use of tables, graphs, etc.  § Correct use of APA editorial format CONTENT: (35%)_____  § Information generates interest  § Illustrations and examples used as needed  § Information is accurate  § Resources/references underpin structure of the paper and salient points  § Implications for nursing practice or research identified REFERENCES: (15%)_____  § Less than 4 years, unless nursing or other theory or supporting reference  § Scientific nursing, medical, or allied health journal or other scholarly Publication

PODCAST Using Self Branding to Grow Influence With Mark Schaefer

PODCAST Using Self Branding to Grow Influence With Mark Schaefer Do you have an idea that you haven’t told anyone about or a project that you want to work on but haven’t planned yet? Maybe you would like to become a leader in your niche but you haven’t done anything to make that a reality. Today we’re going to talk to the marketing genius Mark Schaefer. Mark is the author of several books, including The Content Code, KNOWN, and The Tao of Twitter. He also speaks at tons of marketing conferences and has podcast called Marketing Companion. Mark is going to give us tips on becoming known. He’s done it extremely well and has mentored others in doing the exact same thing. If you’re ready to overcome   your fear of failure to become known, you won’t want to miss today’s show. Information about Mark and his books, particularly his newest one, KNOWN. Mark’s story about leaving corporate work behind and becoming an entrepreneur. Mark’s thoughts on the power of personal branding and the importance of being known. How people can build their personal brand even when they are working for someone else. Mark’s framework for helping people find their places and their spaces. He talks about four steps you can take. How Mark’s book lays out a path for people to follow and begin to see instant results. Links: Mark Schaefer Marketing Companion Podcast Email us a screenshot of your iTunes review! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Mark: â€Å"Either you’re known or you’re not. If you’re known, you will always have an advantage.† â€Å"In the future, a corporate brand may be less about the accumulation of ad impressions and more about the accumulation of human impressions.† â€Å"Starting and being consistent and not giving up is more important than being brilliant.†

Psychosocial interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy. A Case Essay

Psychosocial interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy. A Case Study - Essay Example The death occurred several months ago and Rita has been unable to get past her grief. Rita was personable to all staff and she took the assessments easily. She was assessed to have complicated grief, depression and anxiety. There are several challenges for Rita that as clinicians we will attempt to sort out so that she can receive the medical assistance that she needs. Rita was diagnosed with complicated grief as one of the first "symptoms" of her health needs. There are several issues that come about because of complicated grief. Wagner, Knaevelsrud and Maercker found that when a significant person dies it can leave a spouse with a variety of emotions from a post-traumatic stress situation to increased passion and optimism. They also cite that there is a larger body of evidence that shows complicated grief as a disorder that should be seen as different than depression (Wagner, Knaevelsrud and Maercker 2007: 157). Langner and Maerker argue that complicated grief is a disorder that shows "as a combination of sustained intrusion, avoidance and maladjustment symptoms" (Langner and Maerker 2005 cited in Wagner et. al. 2007: 157). They also suggest that this disorder can be related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) because it usually is a reaction to having exposure to an event that was stressful. For Rita, the complicated grief is a result of her husbands death which was her traumatic event. His death was not expected when it happened and she was not prepared for it. She may have some responses that are similar to the PTSD symptoms but they do not seem to be the most prevalent in her diagnosis. As the psychiatric nurse part of the mental health team, it is important o notice that grief is always something that happens in life. Most people will have a healthy relationship with grief because they will go through anger ad other emotions naturally. Some may feel that the people who are attempting to help them have ulterior motives. The bereaved may also

Organizational Theory and Design Questions Coursework

Organizational Theory and Design Questions - Coursework Example 2. The top management of the organization is responsible for formulating the organizational vision and explicitly defining the purpose by setting mission goals. However, they act as torch bearers for the whole organization by designing a set of periodical goals to support the overall purpose of the organization or vision. 3. The employees of an organization are classified into hierarchies that determine their chain of command, report authority and job descriptions. And organizational structure defines who delegates tasks and who reports them to whom. The structure can be vertical or horizontal. A vertical structure implicates a number of levels of management and reporting trends that slows the decision making process. The horizontal hierarchy is less formal and promotes creativity and quicker decision making. 4. Environmental uncertainty is attributed to changing economic conditions and policies, changes in the social trends and the advent of disruptive technologies. The greatest impact is that of economic change as it impacts nearly every aspect of the organizational working. The environment represents the surroundings in which the firm operates in and hence the stability of this environment is necessary for organizational progress. 5. The business eco system implies that organizations work in collaboration with other businesses and value chain members in order to increase productivity and ensure survival. For example car manufacturers partner with other companies like tire makers and stereo manufacturers to come up with a wholesome car that is well equipped. 6. Global geographical structure is advisable when the organization has the capability to venture into multiple locations. Geographical structure also supports the product customization options by giving the local managers the opportunity to enhance the product according to the need of the market. The local managers also provide a better understanding of the location increasing

Intercultural Communication and Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Intercultural Communication and Conflicts Essay The communication between different cultures is very difficult. Intercultural communication can lead to misunderstanding and confusion. You may offend someone without even knowing it. Nonverbal communication is challenge as well such as handshakes, eye contact, hug, and etc. These problems happened so many times from my fiancee who is from America and me who is from South Korea. One day, my father visited to our place for holiday. When my father walked into our place, my fiancee was lying on the sofa and then he said â€Å"Hi. In Korean culture, when adults come to you, you need to stand up and bow to them. That moment, my fiancee’s behavior was disrespectful to my father. This tells us that we grew up differently since we have different culture background. However, we both have the attitude where we like to learn about each other cultures. It gives us a better understanding and respect more. To me, language barrier is one of issue with communication. When I moved to America, I barely spoke English and I was really afraid of speaking with other people, especially in English; however, time went by, as went to high school, college and join in the Army in America, I became more interactive in communication with people. Also, my fiancee helps me to learn and correct my English skill. Interpersonal communication Thousands of people use more online email, texting, Facebook, twitter, and etc. to communicate now, because it’s easier and faster to communicate to others. On the other hand, online communications can be bad. More likely, face to face communication can be avoided. I realized that most people use smart phone anytime and anywhere now. Sadly, it happens during class, meeting, dating, waiting, and dining. In fact, one of my nieces who is 6 years old refused to talk and listen to me when I discipline her. Instead face to face communication, she wanted to text me to say â€Å"sorry. † I didn’t accept her apologize because I believe in true meaningful interpersonal communication should be face to face communication.

Oedipus and his flaws :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus and his flaws   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus's Inextinguishable Flaws Flaws plague every man and woman on this planet. Flaws are what we have in common with each other, and all characteristics that make us human. Sophocles's Oedipus, shows that sometimes the combination of certain flaws and other human characteristics can have a tragic outcome. The caring King Oedipus was paranoid and short tempered, and these characteristics brought him to his downfall. From the beginning of the story Oedipus is depicted as a noble caring man. He is greatly distressed about the plague in Thebes. "My soul mourns the city..." (Sophocles 305) he tells the priest and the suffering people of Thebes. If Oedipus did not care for his kingdom, he never would have bothered to seek out Laius's murderer. Oedipus also mourned the death of his wife. As well, Oedipus proves himself a loving father towards his daughters, by asking Creon to take care of them. One of the main reasons for Oedipus's exile is his short temper. Oedipus loses his temper with Tireseas, because he will not tell Oedipus the truth.    After Tireseas speaks the truth, Oedipus grows even more short tempered, and taunts Tireseas for being blind. Oedipus then accuses Creon of sending Tireseas to make Oedipus think he is the murderer. After Oedipus accuses Creon he tells him, "I do not desire your banishment-- but your death."   (Sophocles 313) The death of Laius would never have occurred if it was not for Oedipus's short temper. Oedipus forced King Laius off the road because his procession wouldn't make way for Oedipus and his group. If Oedipus had thought things through he would have never have acted so irrationally and killed King Laius. Oedipus's short temper is triggered by his paranoia.    While he meets with Tireseas, Oedipus believes that Creon, his own brother-in-law and friend, is against him. "Was it Creon that planned this or yourself,"   (Sophocles 309) Oedipus says to Tireseas. Oedipus also thinks that his own   countrymen could be against him. Once Creon comes home and tells Oedipus that he must find Laius's murderer he proclaims, "...whoever slew Laius might turn a hand against me." (Sophocles 306) Oedipus has a certain paranoia around himself as the truth is being unraveled. His wife, Jocasta tells him to

Historical Figure in Nurse Anesthesia Essay

From time immemorial there have been operations or surgeries of very kind practiced by both medical doctors and traditional healers. Both major and minor surgeries were very painful because nothing had been discovered to relief the pain or cause numbness for these surgeries or operations to be less painful. (Karlet 2004) notes, â€Å"With time some pioneers on medicine tried everything and every way to find something or some drug that may relieve the pain. However, the most looked after drug was the one that will induce sleep or unconsciousness at the same time creates lack of sensation†. History has it that many early doctors tried many ways until one William Morgan discovered and introduced surgical anesthesia of its kind and it proved working even better than any other anesthesia of that time. This paper will focus on William Thomas Green Morgan, his achievements, challenges, controversies and successes. It will analyze the impact of his discoveries from his times to the modern times in nursing anesthesia. However, (D’Antonio 1999) notes that, â€Å"the discovery of anesthesia was dogged with controversy for the reason that many people at that time wanted to go to the books of history and to be known as the first to discover the most sorts after remedy in the world of medicine†. Impact Analysis. William Thomas Green Morgan was born in the year 1819 in Charlton Massachusetts. He attended Northfield and Leicester academies for his education. After school William T. G. Morgan was an enterprising young man of many interests as he tried his luck in everything that came on his way. He became a painter for a while, then worked as a clerk in Worcester County and later tried his hand in business as a salesman in Boston. William Morgan never showed interest in medicine or anything related to medicine. Nevertheless, when he tried all these ventures, he never found them satisfying and thus he was not settled. After all these adventures Morgan joined Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in eighteen forty (1840). This was the world’s first college of dentistry even though William Morgan was not the first student to go through this college. During his studies Morgan partnered in business with Horace Wells who was a dental doctor by profession in Hartford. Morgan found that the partnership was not promising and working the way he wanted and thought thereby dissolving their partnership after a few months. After this partnership dissolution, Morgan the dental student left the college midway and hence did not graduate (Wolfe 2001). In the year 1844 William Morgan joined college again and this time round it was the prestigious Harvard Medical School. His intention was to increase or advance his dental knowledge even though it was shadowed by trying to impress his girlfriend Rebecca by name who he married later. Unfortunately this time again he never completed his degree from Harvard medical school. However, he developed curiosity in the field of medicine and because he never completed his degree, he started attending chemistry lectures by Professor Charles Jackson. From this time on William Morgan developed great interest and liking in chemistry and medicine in general despite the fact that he was more business oriented than a medical practitioner. During his attendance in chemistry lectures that touched on ether and its properties Morgan felt to capitalize that opportunity of using ether to lessen pain or create lack of sensation during surgery. It was a horrendous experience especially when patients were recommended for amputations. William Morgan himself during his youth had undergone a very painful surgery but fortunately he survived. At last there was some promising remedy as the inhalation of ether caused or induced unconsciousness. William Morgan tried these ether properties while extracting a tooth of a patient and it was very successful and painless. He went as far as testing this ether on himself and animals which worked right. This showed how eager and curious he was to invent the proper anesthetic to help patients recommended to undergo surgery. The history of anesthesia was awakened. Before William Morgan many other remedies of painless surgery had been tried but they were not a success and some became poisonous. Some reduced the pain and some did not. Alcohol was used and it was not a success story. William Morgan used ether after keenly learning its properties and Professor Charles Jackson. This was the anesthetic that had been discovered because William proved it right after extracting a patient’s tooth painlessly in Boston. At last William Morgan was relieved but controversy started after claiming to have discovered an anesthesia which indeed worked. However, he continued practicing as a dentist and the money from this proceedings or practice supported his education (Wolfe 2001). Morgan was more a businessman than a dentist as controversies surrounding his discovery raged on as (Wolfe 2001) claims that â€Å"William Morgan was an unsuccessful businessman, an embezzler and a poorly trained dentist who saw in an anesthetic properties of ether an opportunity to become rich†. The controversy was among his competitors, among them Horace Wells the dentist and Professor Charles Jackson the chemist who was his lectures. But it was William Morgan who in 1846 became the first man to use ether to extract a tooth of his patient painlessly in Boston General Hospital. Early William Morgan had tried opium which only but relieved pain (Wolfe 2001). This and many other attempts aroused the eagerness to find anesthesia nevertheless ether became very popular not only in Boston and the United States of America but the discovery news spread around the whole world like wild fire. Communication during those years was extremely underdeveloped and poor but transport by water was in use and the sailors carried the good news of the discovery to Asia, Europe and Australia far down the Pacific. Many doctors and surgeons wanted to prove the good news as others criticized it. The discovery and the experimentation of ether by William Morgan was very controversial because even his teacher wanted to be recognized as the one who discovered the anesthetic properties of ether, but it was clear that all these people who claimed to be the first to make the discovery did not attempt to test and put it into practical use, only William T. G. Morgan dared and indeed he succeeded. In the United States the controversy raged on as who was who that was behind etherization as William Morgan continued to use it on his patients and it really worked. (Royal College of Anesthetists 2008), â€Å"Morton conducted various experiments on him and animals and afterwards he successfully performed a dental extraction in his office in Boston. † As time went by Morton’s experience with ether was a success, the horrible and noisy surgeries were past tense. William Morton went a step further to invent an ether delivery instrument which he called Letheon Inhaler which was used by patients to inhale ether. (The Royal College of Anesthetists. Internet source 2008). William Thomas Green Morton was a man to reckon with during the mid 19th century because his inner drive desire was to alleviate the pain and the suffering of patients recommended for surgery even though in the back of his mind he wanted to make profit out of it. This had caused controversy among historians. After all William Morton was open-hearted because he gave his discovery to the world without any restrictions. However, he was unsuccessful to patent his Letheon Inhaler. (Royal College of Anesthetists 2008) notes that, â€Å"Morton offered free rights to his innovation to all charitable institutions the country and undoubtedly he was ardently in favor of the abolition of surgical pain although with profit to himself†. Morton’s discovery was handy during the American bloody civil war as many injured soldiers were relieved of pain and operated on painlessly by the use of ether. Morton himself administered ether to thousands of the combatants in the civil war. (The Royal College of Anesthetists. Internet source 2008). These controversies dogged him for a long time until one time he met the then 14th president of the United States Franklin Pierce to highlight to him the controversies he was facing so that he can give a verdict on his case but all was in vain. Historians have generally agreed that Morton set the pace for ether and other subsequent anesthetics to be used (Wolfe 2001). He (Wolfe 2001) further says, â€Å"In history, controlling the pain caused by surgery had been a problem for a long for a long time, many chemical agents with pain relieving properties were recognized before they were used practically even though some like chloroform were harmful and dangerous. Morton started systematic studies on the anesthetic effects of ether convinced the medical world the importance of pain free operations through his demonstration of ether inhalation. The news of ether inhalation and anesthesia spread around the world very quickly and the first to be administered outside the USA was in Norway in the year 1847†. The good news spread to other parts of the world was published in magazines and newspapers as dental doctors and surgeons tried the new discovery which for them was a great and or tremendous success in history of painless surgery. (The Royal College of Anesthetists. Internet source 2008). Unfortunately, William T. G. Morgan died from cerebral hemorrhage due to the heat wave that New York in the year eighteen sixty seven (1867) after being dogged by controversies over his great discovery of ether and its administration during surgery. During the 19th century and there before surgery on the stomach and inside the skull was a no- go zone, some cases surgery speed was the only determinant of a successful surgery but many were unsuccessful. (Wolfe 2001). From that time of William Morgan, anesthesia has been revolutionalized and today it is very safe. There are no death cases from anesthesia with specially trained anesthetists who are only specializing in this field. There are no toxic and dangerous agents in the present anesthetics which have proven the advancement that has been marked in this field. In today’s surgery, for instance, a patient operated in the lower abdomen, nerves can be blocked near the lower part of the spinal cord and there is no need of inducing sleep as the operation goes on well while talking with the patient. (Taffe and Samuels 2003). Conclusion. The evolution of anesthesia has been very controversial from the side of William Morton but he achieved what his rivals were not near to achieve but only popped up when he (William Morgan) had made many sacrifices to achieve what was so important in the nursing world. Anesthesia has been one of the most advanced discoveries which was dangerous and today it is very safe.